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Equality Commission Northern Ireland

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Delivering equality

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Protecting rights after Brexit

What you need to know

Protection of Equality and Human Rights After Brexit

What is the UK Government’s commitment to equality and human rights after Brexit?

Prior to the UK’s departure from the European Union (EU) in January 2020, the UK Government committed to ensuring that certain equality and human rights in Northern Ireland would continue to be upheld after Brexit.

This commitment was set out in the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol to the Withdrawal Agreement reached with the EU.

• Commitment not to reduce certain equality and human rights after Brexit

In particular, under Article 2 of the Protocol, the UK Government committed to ensuring that the protections currently in place in Northern Ireland for the rights, safeguards and equality of opportunity provisions set out in the chapter of the same name in the Belfast (Good Friday) Agreement will not be not reduced as a result of the UK leaving the EU.

This means, for example, that the Northern Ireland Assembly and the Northern Ireland Executive cannot act in a way that would reduce certain equality and human rights in Northern Ireland, as a result of the UK leaving the EU.

• Commitment to keep pace with certain equality rights after Brexit

The UK Government has also committed to ensuring that some of Northern Ireland’s equality laws will keep pace with any future changes to certain EU equality laws.

This means that if the EU amends or updates the EU equality laws set out in Annex 1 to the Protocol, after 1 January 2021, Northern Ireland equality laws will keep pace with those changes. This is designed to ensure that certain Northern Ireland equality laws will not fall behind minimum EU standards of protection in anti-discrimination.

What EU equality laws are in Annex 1 to the Protocol?

All of the EU equality Directives listed in Annex 1 to the Protocol have been brought into force in Northern Ireland law and are designed to promote equal treatment and tackle discrimination on the following protected grounds:

Gender
Racial or Ethnic Origin
Religion or belief
Disability
Age
Sexual Orientation

Specifically, the six EU equality Directives in Annex 1 are:

Gender Goods and Services Directive (Gender): Directive 2004/113/EC of 13 December 2004 implementing the principle of equal treatment between men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services;
Recast Directive (Gender): Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast);
Race Equality Directive (Race): Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin;
Framework Directive (religion and belief; age; sexual orientation; and disability): Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation;
Equal Treatment Directive: Self-employment (Gender): Directive 2010/41/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on the application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a self-employed capacity and repealing Council Directive 86/613/EEC;
Equal Treatment Directive: Social security (Gender): Directive 79/7/EEC of 19 December 1978 on the progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security.

Why was this commitment made?

This is an important commitment as there are concerns that equality and human rights may be reduced when the UK is no longer part of the EU. EU law has played an important role in improving equality protections in Northern Ireland.

The commitment is also a recognition of the importance and centrality of rights and equality protections in the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement and that this Agreement has underpinned the peace process here.

Who is covered by this commitment?

This commitment applies to Northern Ireland. Everyone who is protected by Northern Ireland law is covered by this commitment irrespective of whether the law has been passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly or the UK Parliament.

What rights are covered by the commitment?

The commitment applies to the rights, safeguards and equality of opportunity provisions set out in the chapter of the same name in the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement. These provisions include, but may not be limited to:

The right of free political thought;
The right to freedom and expression of religion;
The right to pursue democratically national and political aspirations;
The right to seek constitutional change by peaceful and legitimate means;
The right to freely choose one’s place of residence;
The right to equal opportunity in all social and economic activity, regardless of class, creed, disability, gender or ethnicity;
The right to freedom from sectarian harassment;
The right of women to full and equal political participation;
The right of victims to remember as well as to contribute to a changed society;
Respect, understanding and tolerance in relation to linguistic diversity; and
The need to ensure that symbols and emblems are used in a manner which promotes mutual respect rather than division.

What would amount to a breach of the commitment?

In order to show that there has been a breach of the commitment and a reduction of rights, safeguards or equality of opportunity provisions, there must be evidence that:

the right, safeguard or equality of opportunity provision or protection is covered by the relevant chapter of the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement;
it was protected under Northern Ireland law on, or before, the end of the Brexit transition period, namely 31 December 2020; and
the reduction in rights occurred as a result of Brexit.

Some of the rights in the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement, set out above, are underpinned by protections against discrimination in EU law.

These EU equality laws, set out in Annex 1 to the Protocol, provide minimum standards of protection against discrimination. These minimum standards are already set out in Northern Ireland’s equality laws; for example, through certain changes to Northern Ireland’s equality laws on the grounds of sex, race, age, disability and fair employment. In some instances, Northern Ireland equality laws have exceeded these minimum EU standards.
In addition to these EU equality laws, set out in Annex 1, there are other EU laws that are relevant to the rights, safeguards or equality of opportunity provisions in the chapter of the same name in the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement, as set out above.

These include, but are not limited to, EU Directives such as the Parental Leave Directive (pdf), Victims’ Directive (pdf) and Pregnant Workers’ Directive (pdf), as well as specific measures aimed at protecting the rights of disabled people.

A failure by the UK Government to ensure that Northern Ireland equality laws keep pace with any changes that the EU makes after 1 January 2021 to update or replace certain EU equality laws, as set out in Annex 1 to the Protocol, would also be a breach of the commitment.

Is this commitment binding?

This commitment is binding on the UK Government and Parliament, the Northern Ireland Executive and the Assembly as a matter of international law.

All the provisions in the Withdrawal Agreement, including the UK Government’s commitments on equality and human rights under Article 2 of the Protocol, are now contained in UK law.

What is the role of the Equality Commission?

To ensure that the UK Government meets this commitment, a ‘dedicated mechanism’ has been created comprising of the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland and the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission.

From 1 January 2021 the Equality Commission and the NI Human Rights Commission have new duties and powers to monitor, supervise, advise, enforce, and report on this commitment.

The Commissions will also work with the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission to provide oversight of equalities and rights that have an Island of Ireland dimension.

Further, the Commissions and the Joint Committee of NI Human Rights Commission and the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission can directly raise matters of relevance to how the commitment is being implemented with the Specialised Committee on the Protocol. This Specialised Committee is made up of representatives from both the UK and EU and it oversees the implementation and application of the Protocol.

What are the new powers and duties of the Equality Commission?

Both the Equality Commission and the NI Human Rights Commission, from 1 January 2021, have new duties and powers to monitor, supervise, advise, enforce, and report on this commitment.

These duties and powers are set out in the EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020, amending the Northern Ireland Act 1998

In particular, the Commissions’ new powers and duties include:

Monitoring how the commitment is implemented;
Reporting on its implementation to the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland and The Executive Office;
Advising the Secretary of State and the Executive Committee of the Northern Ireland Assembly of legislative and other measures that must be taken to implement the commitment;
Advising the Northern Ireland Assembly (or a committee of the Assembly) whether a Bill is compatible with the commitment;
Promoting understanding and awareness of how important the commitment is;
Powers to bring, or intervene in, legal proceedings in respect of an alleged breach (or potential future breach) of the commitment; and
Powers to assist individuals in relevant legal proceedings.

Further to these duties and powers, the Equality Commission and the NI Human Rights Commission will provide regular reports to the UK Government and Northern Ireland Executive and identify any changes to the rights and equalities landscape.

The Commissions can exercise these powers and fulfil these duties jointly or separately.

Can individuals bring complaints if there is a breach of the commitment?

Yes, from 1 January 2021 individuals can bring legal action, by way of judicial review, to challenge the compatibility of the Northern Ireland Executive or Assembly actions or legislation with this commitment.

The Equality Commission and the NI Human Rights Commission have the power to:

provide advice and assistance, and support individuals to bring legal complaints, where they believe that this commitment has been breached, where appropriate; and
bring legal challenges or intervene in legal cases, where they believe that this commitment has been breached, where appropriate.

As set out above, in order to show that a reduction of rights, safeguards or equality of opportunity has taken place, it will be necessary to show that:

the right, safeguard or equality of opportunity provision or protection is covered by the relevant chapter of the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement;
it was protected under Northern Ireland law on, or before, the end of the Brexit transition period, namely 31 December 2020; and
the reduction in rights occurred as a result of Brexit.

The Commissions can bring legal action separately or jointly. See how to make a complaint

What are the North/South oversight arrangements?

The Equality Commission and the NI Human Rights Commission are working with the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission (IHREC) to oversee and report on rights and equalities issues falling within the scope of the commitment that have an island of Ireland dimension.

All three Commissions can report separately to the UK Government and Ireland Government on any issues with an island of Ireland rights equalities and dimension.

The three Commissions have agreed a Memorandum of Understanding (pdf, 2021) in relation to this oversight role.

Useful information

The 'Your Rights' publication is also available in the following languages:

Further information

UK Government Explainer: UK Government commitment to no diminution of rights, safeguards and equality of opportunity in Northern Ireland (NIO, 2020)
Read more about the Equality Commission's Brexit work: www.equalityni.org/EUexit

Contact us
For general information about the Equality Commission’s 'Dedicated Mechanism Unit' email: DMU@equalityni.org or Tel: 028 90500600. For advice enquiries on making a complaint, speak to one of our Dedicated Mechanism Unit advisors, Tel: 028 90500600, Monday-Friday, 10am-4pm.

NI Human Rights Commission
For further information on NI Human Rights Commission and its role as part of the dedicated mechanism, you can also contact the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, email: info@nihrc.org or Tel: 028 90243987, website: www.nihrc.org/human-rights-after-brexit

Independent Monitoring Authority
Further information on the Independent Monitoring Authority for the Citizens’ Rights Agreements and its work to protect on citizens’ rights protections under the Withdrawal Agreement, after 1 January 2021, is available on their website: www.ima-citizensrights.org.uk.

< Delivering equality

UK Exit from EU >

Making a complaint - equality and human rights after Brexit

We are here to help protect your equality and human rights after Brexit - No Matter What.

With the Windsor Framework, the UK Government has committed to ensuring that certain equality and human rights in Northern Ireland would continue after Brexit.  

We may be able to help with legal representation or advice if you think there has been a breach of the UK Governments commitment to the Windsor Framework.

Can I challenge a breach of the commitment to safeguard our rights?

Yes. Everyone has the right to bring legal action before the courts if they think there has been a breach of the UK Government’s commitment in the Windsor Framework.

For example, if you think that the NI Assembly, or the NI Executive, has acted in a way that goes against the UK Government’s commitment, you can challenge those actions in the courts.

This involves taking a form of legal action called ‘Judicial Review’.

Everyone living in Northern Ireland is covered by this commitment irrespective of whether the law has been passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly or the UK Parliament.

How do I show that the commitment has been breached?

To show that there has been a breach of the commitment and a reduction of rights, safeguards or equality of opportunity provisions, there must be evidence that:

the right, safeguard or equality of opportunity provision or protection must be covered in the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement
it was protected under Northern Ireland law on, or before, the end of the Brexit transition period, namely 31 December 2020
the reduction in rights occurred because of Brexit.

Only the Courts decide if a breach of the UK Government’s commitment has occurred, and the courts are separate to, and independent from, the Equality Commission.

Can the Equality Commission assist me in bringing or taking legal action?

Yes, you can bring legal action, by way of judicial review, to challenge the compatibility of the Northern Ireland Executive or NI Assembly actions or legislation with this commitment.

The Equality Commission can help if you think that this commitment has been breached.

Where appropriate we may be able to provide advice assistance and support to make a legal complaint, bring legal challenges or intervene in legal cases.

The NI Human Rights Commission has similar enforcement powers.

Are there time limits for making a complaint?

Yes. There are strict time limits for lodging judicial review proceedings with a court.

A judicial review case for an alleged breach of Article 2 must be brought before the Court within 3 months of the decision or action being complained of taking place.

Please note that contacting the Equality Commission or making an application for assistance to the Equality Commission does not mean you are issuing legal proceedings.

Read our legal advice and assistance policy - Policy for the provision of legal advice and assistance for complaints relating to Article 2(1) of the Ireland/NI Protocol (pdf)

Contact us

You can contact the Equality Commissions ‘Rights After Brexit’ enquiries team by:

Email: DMU@equalityni.org

Tel: 028 9050 0600 (Monday - Friday, 10am - 4pm)

If you require an interpreter, please let us know.

You can also contact the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission by email: info@nihrc.org or telephone on 02890 243987, or visit www.nihrc.org/brexit

Further information

< Protecting rights after Brexit

UK exit from EU >

Policy and Research publications

Public Awareness Survey - equality and human rights protections in NI after Brexit

The Equality Commission for Northern Ireland commissioned a short survey, as part of its role with the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, to promote understanding and awareness of the importance of Protocol Article 2 and the role of the dedicated mechanism.

The aim of the survey, which took place between 19 and 22 March 2023, was to capture a snapshot of the public’s awareness and understanding of Article 2 of the Windsor Framework and the role of the dedicated mechanism, and attitudes to equality and human rights protections in Northern Ireland post Brexit.

Read the findings of the survey

Annual Report 2022-23: Implementation of Protocol Article 2

Our Annual Report 2022-23 sets out the work on advising and holding the UK Government to account on the Implementation of its no diminution commitment in Article 2 of the Windsor Framework over the last year.

Speaking about the report, Geraldine McGahey, Chief Commissioner, Equality Commission for Northern Ireland and Alyson Kilpatrick, Chief Commissioner, Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission said:

“The UK Government made important commitments to protect equality and human rights post Brexit. This report highlights our advice to Government on the significant legislative developments that have taken place over the last year, including The Windsor Political Declaration, the Retained EU Law Bill, the Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Bill, the Illegal Migration Bill and the potential reform of the Human Rights Act. We remain concerned about the impact of these developments on equality and human rights in Northern Ireland."

Download the report

Annual report: Implementation of Article 2 of Windsor Framework (pdf)

Briefing papers and submissions

Submission to the House of Lords on the Illegal Migration Bill (pdf, June 2023)
Submission to House of Lords Sub-Committee on the Protocol’s call for evidence for its inquiry on the Windsor Framework (pdf, May 2023)
Briefing on the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Bill (pdf, Jan 2023)
Briefing on the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill (pdf, Oct 2022)
Preliminary Briefing on the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill (pdf, June 2022)
Submission to House of Lords Sub-Committee on the Protocol’s follow up Inquiry on the impact of the Protocol (pdf, June 2022)
Submission by NIHRC and ECNI to ‘Retained EU Law: Where next?’ - an inquiry by the European Scrutiny Committee (pdf, April 2022)
Joint ECNI / NIHRC Briefing on the provisions on Voting/Candidacy Rights of EU citizens in Northern Ireland in the Elections Bill (pdf, Mar 2022)
Briefing Paper on the Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking and Electronic Travel Authorisation provisions in the Nationality and Borders Bill (pdf, Jan 2022)
Submission to House of Lords Sub-Committee on Protocol: Scrutiny of HM Government Command Paper ‘Northern Ireland Protocol: the way forward’ (Non-inquiry session)’ (pdf, Nov 2021)
Letter from House of Lords Sub-Committee to the Secretary of State for NI in response to our oral evidence session on Article 2 (pdf, Oct 2021)
Submission to the Introductory Inquiry into the Operation of the Protocol by the House of Lords Sub-Committee on the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland (pdf, June 2021)
Work on Internal Market Bill: Joint statement (2020) with the NIHRC and the IHREC on the Internal Market Bill
Joint briefing paper with the NIHRC on the Internal Market Bill (pdf, Sept 2020) - includes the Annex 1 Directives
Brexit and the Northern Ireland Protocol - written evidence submitted to the NI Affairs Committee Inquiry by NI Human Rights Commission and Equality Commission for NI (pdf, Dec 2020) - html format

Research Report: Impact of Brexit on Minority Ethnic and Migrant People in Northern Ireland

New research, commissioned by the Equality Commission from the independent think tank Pivotal, looks at the actual, perceived, and potential socioeconomic impacts of Brexit on minority ethnic and migrant people in Northern Ireland.

The research entitled Impact of Brexit on Minority Ethnic and Migrant People in Northern Ireland (pdf, May 2023) has found that life in Northern Ireland is much more difficult for many minority ethnic and migrant people following Brexit. Read the press release

Policy Recommendations: Impact of Brexit on the divergence of rights and best practice on the Island of Ireland

The policy recommendations of the three Commissions relate to the impact of Brexit on the divergence of rights and equalities that have an island of Ireland dimension. Whilst some of these recommendations are made jointly by all three Commissions, most recommendations are made solely by the Equality Commission NI and NI Human Rights Commission.

Policy Recommendations: Impact of Brexit on divergence of rights and best practice on the Island of Ireland (pdf, Feb 2022)

The recommendations have been informed by the findings of the research report below.

Research Report: Impact of Brexit on the divergence of rights and best practice on the Island of Ireland

The Equality Commission for Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission and the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission have published a joint research report: European Union Developments in Equality and Human Rights: The Impact of Brexit on the Divergence of Rights and Best Practice on the Island of Ireland (pdf, Dec 2022)

The aim of this research paper is to analyse the impact, and or potential impact, of Brexit as regards the divergence of equality and human rights protections and European Union best practice on the island of Ireland. Such divergence between Ireland and NI has the potential to have implications for Protocol Article 2

This research highlights EU developments in EU law, Court of Justice EU case law, policy and best practice that relate to equality and human rights in Northern Ireland, post Brexit and that have the potential to result in divergence of rights on the island of Ireland.

Annual Joint report on the implementation of Article 2 of the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol

This is the first Annual Joint Report, in respect of Protocol Article 2, from the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission, the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland and the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, their first since they took over their new roles in respect of Protocol Article 2.

The report outlines the joint work of the Commissions in providing oversight of, and reporting on, rights and equalities issues with an island of Ireland dimension falling within the scope of Article 2 of the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol to the EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement (‘Protocol Article 2’).

Annual Report Jan 21 - Sept 22 - Equality and rights on the island of Ireland after Brexit (pdf, Nov 2022)

Working Paper: The Scope of Article 2(1) of the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol

The Equality Commission and the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission joint Working Paper sets out their views on the scope of equality and human rights protected under the Ireland/ Northern Ireland Protocol. This important paper focuses on the extent of the UK Government’s commitment, under Article 2 of the Protocol, to protect certain equality and human rights after Brexit. The Working Paper provides an informed position on how the non-diminution commitment will work in practice and on the types of rights, safeguards and equality of opportunity protections that could potentially fall under the Article 2 commitment.

Working Paper: The Scope of Article 2(1) of the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol (pdf, Dec 2022)
Table of EU Law and Domestic Legislation (pdf, Dec 2022)

Annual Report 2021-22: Implementation of Protocol Article 2

This is our first annual report focusing on the implementation of Article 2 of the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol. The report, which was laid before Parliament on 1 December 2022, highlights the changes made to the rights and equality landscape since Brexit and records our key policy recommendations, from 1 January 2021 to 31 March 2022, as well as concerns raised with the Government. Download our Annual Report (pdf, July 2022)

The Equality Commission and the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission have obligations, as part of their new roles and responsibilities as the dedicated mechanism, to advise, monitor and hold the UK Government to account on its important commitment to ‘no diminution’ of certain equality and human rights as outlined in Protocol Article 2.

EU Funding: Impact of Brexit on Section 75 Equality Groups in NI

This research report considered the potential impact of loss of EU funding on Section 75 equality groups in Northern Ireland and set out recommendations for future funding, including in the context of the proposed UK Shared Prosperity Fund. Download the pdf report

Our key policy recommendations relate to the proposals outlined by the UK Government on replacement European Union (EU) funding, including the UK Shared Prosperity Fund (SPF) and have been informed by the findings of the research report which sought the views of a range of stakeholders including those who had received EU funding for programmes that promoted equality of opportunity and good relations in Northern Ireland. Read our policy recommendations

Legislative Scrutiny and the Dedicated Mechanism for monitoring Article 2 of the Ireland/NI

This report analyses current structures and identifies recommendations for reform of UK Parliament and NI Assembly mechanisms and processes so as to ensure that there can be effective scrutiny of the UK Government’s compliance with its commitment under Article 2(1) of the Protocol.